Varicella Zoster Virus Encephalitis

What Is Varicella Zoster Virus?

The varicella-zoster virus (VZV), part of the herpesvirus family, causes two different illnesses: chickenpox and shingles. Chickenpox mainly affects children and young adults and is highly contagious, causing an itchy rash and flu-like symptoms. Shingles, however, occurs later in life when the virus reactivates, leading to a painful rash and nerve pain.

VZV is also a significant cause of infectious encephalitis, a serious and sometimes life-threatening inflammation of the brain. Recognising the dual role of VZV and the potential for severe complications is essential for preventing and managing these conditions effectively.

Symptoms Of Varicella Zoster Virus Encephalitis

Neurological signs: patients with VZV encephalitis may present with symptoms such as:

• Headaches
• Fever
• Vomiting
• Seizures
• Sensory changes
• Altered levels of consciousness.

Motor abnormalities: ataxia (loss of coordination), hypertonia or hypotonia (increased or decreased muscle tone), hyperreflexia or hyporeflexia (increased or decreased reflexes), and hemiparesis (muscle weakness on one side of the body) are also possible.

Rash presence: although encephalitis often occurs alongside the characteristic rash of chickenpox or shingles, it can also manifest without this rash.

Diagnosis Of VZV Encephalitis

Diagnosing VZV encephalitis involves a combination of clinical assessment and diagnostic tests. Detection of VZV DNA in the central spinal fluid (CSF) is a key diagnostic method. Other laboratory tests may be performed to rule out other potential causes of encephalitis. Neuroimaging using EEG and MRI scans may identify abnormalities in brain activity and structure.

Treatment of VZV Encephalitis

Acyclovir, a potent antiviral drug, is the primary treatment for VZV encephalitis. Administering acyclovir early can help reduce the severity and duration of the illness. Patients may require supportive measures, including hydration and management of symptoms such as fever and seizures.

Consequences of VZV Encephalitis

The outcomes of VZV encephalitis vary widely, ranging from complete recovery to various degrees of residual effects. Mortality rates range from 5% to 15%, highlighting the seriousness of this condition⁶. Patients who survive may experience long-term neurological consequences, including cognitive impairment, motor deficits, and seizures.

Prevention of VZV Encephalitis

Vaccination against varicella has been integrated into national immunization programs in numerous countries. Proper vaccination can prevent varicella and subsequently reduce the risk of VZV encephalitis. Practicing good hygiene and avoiding contact with individuals experiencing active VZV infections can help prevent transmission.

In conclusion, VZV encephalitis is a rare but serious neurological complication associated with VZV infections. Timely diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and prevention measures, such as vaccination and public awareness, play essential roles in managing this condition and reducing its impact on individuals’ health and well-being.

Lived experience

Tim talks about his experience of VZV encephalitis in the video below:

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By Prav Prathapan, Encephalitis International, and reviewed by Dr Sylviane Defres,
Consultant Infectious diseases, Tropical and Infectious diseases Unit, Liverpool University
Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Liverpool School Tropical Medicine and Institute of
Infection Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool

FS071V1 Varicella zoster virus encephalitis

Date created: August 2023/Last updated: August 2023/ Review date: August 2026

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